양주, 술 종류

There are really four major steps to making spirits. (Drinks like wine and beer that are not "spirits" skip the distilling step):

1. Sourcing the initial ingredient.
2. Fermenting the sourced material (that is, adding yeast which breaks down the sourced material to create alcohol). Ending product is a drink with 4-15% alcohol.
3. Distilling the fermented wash from step 2 (that is, boiling the liquid to separate out the alcohol and increase the alcohol content to >40% alcohol). Distilling is a required step to make spirits. Wine and beer are not distilled; hence are not called spirits and have lower alcoholic content than spirits.
4. Aging of the distilled spirit. This is an optional step, but storing the spirit in oak barrels will add some flavor and gold/red/yellowish coloring. For example, whether or not a Tequila was stored in oak barrels determines whether the Tequila is white (not stored in oak barrels), or gold (was stored in oak barrels). This is also how whiskey gets much of it's color and flavor.

Additionally, flavoring drinks at various steps may in turn make different spirits (gin is vodka that has been flavored with juniper berries during distillation). Mixing different drinks also results in new drinks (for example, wine + brandy = vermouth).

Ok, so what are the various drinks?

Non-sprits:

• Beer: Grains (barley, wheat, corn) -> fermentation
• "Hops" are added for bitter flavoring.
• 물, 효모,맥아, 홉
• 에일: 상온에서 발효
• 라거: 저온에서 발효
• Wine: Grapes (sourcing) -> fermentation -> aging
• Whether or not grape skin was present during fermentation determines whether the wine is a white wine (grape juice without skin,seeds was fermented), or a red wine (skin,seeds was included during fermentation).
• Rose wine : 두 가지 방법 1.Rose is made from red or purple grapes.  After crushing, the grape skins will be left macerating(물에 음식을 담가 불리는 거) with its juices for a few hours.  - 레드와 다른 점은 이 시간이 짧다는 거.Its juices will take on the color from the skin, as well some of the flavors; this result in a pink-ish wine with tannins(타닌
  타닌은 아주 떫은 맛을 내는 폴리페놀의 일종으로써 식물에 의해 합성되며 단백질과 결합하여 침전시킨다.) and additional flavors extracted from its skin, such as rose pedals and dried flowers.  2. 그냥 95% 화이트 5% 레드 섞는거 근데 프랑스는 절대 이렇게 하지 말라고 함. 
• Carbonated wine is called sparkling wine. Carbonated wine specifically from the Champagne region of France is called Champagne.

Spirits:

• Whiskey: Grains (malted barley, wheat, corn) -> fermentation -> distillation -> aging
• Note that whiskey is basically made by distilling beer.
• Aging in oak barrels is what gives whiskey the distinct color. Prior to storage, the distilled liquid is clear.
• Some whiskey tends to be very smokey/peaty in flavor. This is because the grain was dried in a peat powered kiln prior to being fermented, and the smoke from the peat imparts flavor. Islay scotch tends to have an extremely strong smokey flavor and smell.
• Scotch is any whiskey made in Scotland (usually uses malted barley, though may also use wheat and rye). Bourbon is an American whiskey made specifically from corn.
• Brandy: Grapes (sourcing) -> fermentation -> distilling
• Basically distilled wine.
• Cognac is a variety of brandy from the Cognac region in France.
• Rum: Sugarcane or Molasses -> fermentation -> distilling
• Like you'd expect out of something made from sugarcane or molasses, rum tends to be on the sweeter side.
• Vodka: Pretty much anything (grapes, grains, potatoes) -> fermentation -> distilling
• In making vodka, the liquid is distilled to 90%+ alcohol to remove most taste and aromas of the source material. It is then diluted with water to 40% alcohol.
• Tequila: Blue Agave plant -> fermentation -> distillation -> aging
• White/silver tequila has not been aged in oak barrels. Gold tequila is aged in oak barrels (hence the color).
• Gin: Vodka with juniper berries added during distillation.
• Liqueur or cordials (not liquor, which is simply another word for spirits) is a generic term for a spirit with added sugar (or some other sweetener) and flavored with fruit, cream, herbs, spices, flowers or nuts. Examples of common liqueurs include Fireball, Fernet-Branca, and Jagermeister.

References

from Ankit Prasad, Product @ Google. Previously Earnest, Yammer, Harvard, Duke.

Updated Dec 31, 2016 

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-gin-vodka-whiskey-and-rum

The difference between White wine, Rose and Red wine?

BY NAPA RESERVA · PUBLISHED MARCH 12, 2014 · UPDATED JULY 21, 2014

http://www.napareserva.com/2014/03/what-is-the-difference-between-white-wine-rose-wine-and-red-wine/